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In this evaluative article, we critique the works of the Islamic scholar and Orientalist Ibn Warrāq. An anonymous author, Ibn Warrāq is widely recognised by scholars of the field as a pseudo-scholarly prominent figure with highly polemical tendencies. There can be no doubt that healthy revisionism is the epitome of academic learning and intellect, but the writer in question betrays very little ability or desire for serious knowledge, that can only be gained through meticulous scholarship and an impartial demeanour. As such, I contend that Ibn Warrāq can be more accurately regarded as an ex-Muslim representative of a particular group of Orientalists with conspiratorial tendencies. This group, which also includes figures such as the more scholarly Michael Cook and Patricia Crone, is unambiguously the implicit harbinger of the modern political agenda of right-wing Islamophobia, which has been in the making throughout Europe and North America since at least the early-1970s.

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Apologetic Orientalism, Islamophobia, Polemics, Pseudo-Scholarship, Qur’anic Scepticism, Revisionism.

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The history of children and the family includes the study of foundlings and abandoned children. The terms “foundlings” and “abandoned children” are substitutable. This work highlight the childrens who are abonded at the time of birth including children who are result of rape. Rape is one of the most widespread sexual assaults against women in Pakistan. Pregnancy is a potential result of rape. The author through the light that Rape is not the only issue, but there are several other problems associated with it. The one of them is children born as a result of rape and that need to be addressed. The children born as a result of rape must be recognized as a victim. So such children must be discussed under the topic of abandoned children. This paper also analyses the law regarding the maintenance of illegitimate children and its interpretation by the courts. The paper promotes the idea that explicit legislation must be established to guarantee the rights and safety of abandoned children. In addition to making substantial efforts to raise public awareness about the rights of abandoned children, it is important to channel and regularise the concept of kafalah. In this research paper, pertinent Islamic and Pakistani legal rules are discussed and examined.

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Abandoned, Rape, Child, Status, Pakistani Law, Islamic Law.

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This universe, which is called Universe in English, literally means a unique species. It has always been the center of human attention. Initially, it was considered that it might be the only species of its kind. And the existence of another such universe is not possible under any circumstances. In general, there is an organized and organized system of cosmic objects and treasures between them. Which is created by the creator of the universe. In the beginning, man thought that this universe is limited only to our planet, therefore, the center of all his efforts has been this earth, sky and man. Human imaginations kept them wandering around the things that when, where, or Ruks created this universe? How does it work? What are the limits of this universe? Can human consciousness reach the height where the correct understanding of the universe is possible? When this universe was created, under what principles has it evolved? What is the end point of this universe in relation to the rules and regulations that reveal the different destinations of this evolutionary journey?In the history of human sciences, there are many theories about the existence of the universe that describe the countless conditions of its beginning. Initially, the hypothesis was established that this universe is not completely solid and unchanging, but with movement. It is also expanding. According to the careful assumptions of recent scientific research, about fifteen billion years have passed since the birth of this universe. What was it before?Science is completely unable to answer this. Therefore, the solution of this mystery is possible only with complete faith in this statement of the Almighty.

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Universe, Evolutionary Journey, Existence of Human.

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Imām Hamd bin Muhammad Imām Al-Khattābī (d. 388 AH) is one of the most prominent Islamic scholars of fourth-century A.H. He was the first author who wrote a commentary on Sunan-Abi-Dawood and Sahih-al-Bukhari. Unfortunately, he could not write any specific book on commentary on the Quran. However, rich data in respect of commentary and interpretive aspects of Quranic verses, as well as regarding Uloom-ul-Qur’ān, is present in his books. This article presents an overview of Uloom-ul-Qur’ān found in his books. The authors researched thoroughly to compile the various subjects of Uloom-ul-Qur’ān such as causes of revelation, abrogating and the abrogated verses and definition, conditions and examples of the Qur’anic verses whose meaning is clear (Mohkamaat), and the Qur’anic verses that need exegesis (Mutashabihaat). In addition, the aspect of precedence and deferments of the Quranic verses, the use of metaphorical words and the discussion of using an alternate word for understanding the meaning of the Quranic verse are also presented in the article. Besides, the authors have discussed enough discourse that highlights the excellence of Imām Al-Khattābī in Uloom-ul-Qur’ān. In the end, a conclusion is presented in which it is suggested to work on the indicated subjects of the books of Imām Al-Khattābī to appreciate his squarely encompassing knowledge.

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Imām Al-Khattābī, Uloom-ul-Qur’ān, Mohkamaat, Mutashabihaat.

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Hudōd refers to the prescribed sharī'ah punishments which have been proved with certainty from the Qur’anic text and sayings of His Messenger (peace be upon him) and no one has the right to amend or reduce them or to terminate them. Other Penalties refer to those sharī'ah punishments which are at the discretion and ijtihād of the ruler and the judge and which are subject to change and modification. Discussion of Hudōd and penalties is the most important chapter of Islamic jurisprudence from the perspective of the implementation of Islamic Law in an Islamic state. The opinions of the Tabi’een; disciples of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) have legal status to authenticate anything from a juristic perspective. The Hanafi, Shafi'i and other schools of jurisprudence have originated, proved or seconded their juristic rulings from the sayings of disciples of the companions of the Last Prophet (peace be upon him). Sufficient examples have been produced in this article to highlight the significance of the verdicts of Tabi’in.

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Tabi’in., Hudood, Islamic Jurisprudence, Hanafi, Shafi'i.

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Zakāt is very important in the economic system of Islam. One of the important conditions for the obligation of zakat is that the person giving zakat should be adult, sane and free. Upon these two conditions, there is considerable disagreement among the eminent jurists. Briefly it can be summed up that there are basically three groups regarding the necessity and non-necessity of giving Zakat of a wealthy Muslim child or Lunatic. 1. Zakat will be required on the entire property of a wealthy Muslim child or Lunatic. 2. Zakat will not be required on the entire property of a wealthy Muslim child or Lunatic. 3. Zakat will be required on the partial property of a wealthy Muslim child or Lunatic. This research basically describes the arguments of two groups, while the arguments of the third group share the arguments of the first two groups. The finding of this research is that the opinion based on the non-necessity of Zakat on the property of a wealthy Muslim child or a Lunatic is more correct on these grounds. Firstly, zakat is an act of worship and for the obligation of worship it is a condition to be adult and sensible. Secondly, the hadith mentioned in this research clearly shows that Zakat should not be levied on the property of the wealthy child. Thirdly, the demands imposed on the child by the people will be paid because they are related to the rights of the people. Besides, the payment of Ushr by the child and the Lunatic will be mandatory, because the arguments of the Qur'an and Sunnah which make the payment of ‘Ushr obligation apply to all types of land, even if it is the land of the child and the Lunatic.

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Orientalism, social discriminations, materialism, Muslim modernists.

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Dressing is an inevitable and natural need for humankind. It is a silent language of a man’s social, economic, psychological and cultural life. A person's dress describes his society, values, traditions, lifestyle and financial condition. Every society has its style of wearing and clothing that differs from others. Being a Deen (code of life), Islam also guides in terms of dressing. This article deals with significance, objectives and the Islamic perspective of dressing. The research is based on the various studies made in philosophy and Islamic ideology of dressing. The article discusses the shariah obligations regarding dressing such as covering, purity, aesthetics and the distinction as per gender. In addition, a significant research is also presented on the disliked and unlawful dressings. The researchers have also made a good attempt in description of piety in dressing. The article concludes itself on the instructions to follow Islamic code of dressing in our daily life. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) taught his followers to observe their dress, considering the situations and events. He classified the dressing into valid and invalid and introduced the basic principles of dressing. If a society or a person observed these rules, he does not only beautify his personality, but also promote Islamic civilization and norms of social life.

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Dressing, Manners, Culture, Prophet’s Era.

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This paper aims to conduct a comparative review in order to understand the line of demarcation between terrorism and Islamic concept of Qitāl. It is the matter of great concern, as one may assume that both viewpoints are very relevant to the bloodshed and beheading. The research question searching for what the difference is and what are the parameters that both are as different as two poles apart demands that each should be considered and judged under the epistemological domain of their own.Analytically it may be assessed that both are completely dissimilar in all respect either in fundamental thought or objective required to be achieved by each. Islamic concept of war and restoration of peace is totally encapsulated with the principles that govern and exercised with limitations in any situation to cope with indispensable circumstances. The golden principles of Islamic war (Jihād and Qitāl) have been adorned with the well balance philosophy epistemologically interconnected with Justice and Mercy towards the social amelioration and betterment in addition to the removal of upheaval, disorder and disruption resorting peace and harmony for the whole humanity.

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Extremism, Jihād and Qitāl, Distinction, Islamic Epistemology, Principles, Objectives.

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In early times, humankind did not even know the names of currencies. Commodities were exchanged for goods or services for transactions. However, various valuables came to be used as currency gradually. Coins of various denominations became famous, and previously used metal currencies were converted into paper currency. Moreover, electronic currency using modern technology was introduced, which led to the trend of online trading of currencies. The trend of virtual currency (digital currency) is increasing in the global market. Online currency trading has now become very significant in the global economic system. Nevertheless, it is imperative for us to know the shari’ah rulings on this matter, as it guides us thoroughly in every matter. This article discusses the online buying and selling of currencies and analyses the principles of shari’ah. The paper mainly discusses the two major types of online trading and their shari’ah disciplines. The researchers presented different schools of thought on each subject of online trading. First, it gave details of various jurisprudence on Forex trading. Later a detailed study is included in the article on Cryptocurrency. Various definitions outlined by experts are presented. Moreover, the research includes its conditions with examples. The article also details various opinions about virtual currencies that endorse their legality. In conclusion, practical and significant suggestions are given on modern trading trends.

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Currency, Online Trading, Research review, Islamic Shari’ah.

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The greatest human desire is to have excellent health and to take precautions against diseases, and throughout history, people have worked hard to achieve success in these areas. Every civilization had its own set of medical concepts and procedures. Muslim doctors and surgeons inherited a huge medical knowledge from all civilizations as a result they provided a primary research platform for rest of the world for all types medical treatments. As a result, they created a new branch of medical knowledge that laid the foundation for modern civilizations. The importance of surgery was increased during the Muslim era, and more than 60 prominent surgeons published their study, which captivated neighbouring civilizations, particularly European civilization. The contribution of Muslim medical experts in the field of anesthesia is significant and dates back to ancient times but they introduced several innovations in this field. Some of the most notable contributions included Al-Razi (865-925 AD), known as Rhazes, who wrote extensively on the use of anesthesia in surgical procedures. He was one of the first physicians who described the use of several medicines as a means of producing unconsciousness for surgical procedures. In the same way, the most prominent Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD) also known as Albucasis, was an Andalusian surgeon who used inhaled anesthesia for surgical procedures in his book "Kitab al-Tasrif”. Afterwards Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD) also known as Avicenna, was a great Muslim physician, surgeon and philosopher who wrote extensively on medicine and surgery. He described the use of several medicinal plants as an anesthetic agent in his book "The Canon of Medicine". These and other contributions by Arab scholars helped lay the foundation for the development of modern anaesthesia and continue to influence the field today.

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Muslim Surgeons, Anesthesia, Mukhaddirat, Musakkin Munnawim, Mirqad.

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Indeed, Allah Almighty has power over everything, but the world is full of reasons. Here, only strategy and effort are beneficial. Negligence and not trying in essential matters cause harm. Allah has commanded not to put yourself to death because of your deeds. Therefore, every conscious person must prevent everything and every work that harms human and animal life. Allah Almighty has declared water as the origin of everything. Therefore, water and aquatic environment, protection of water reserves, water cleanliness and proper use of water guarantee the survival of human and animal life, and all these acts are worship. This article deals with the aquatic environment. Research is presented on water pollution, its types, hazards, and Islamic teachings. The article starts with a brief description of the related terminologies and the significance of water in human life. Then, discussing water pollution, the paper refers to the pollution in rivers and ponds, pollution in seas, and their harms in detail. In explaining Islamic teachings, a detailed description is made of Prophetic and Quranic teachings regarding water pollution. Moreover, the researchers extracted ten rulings on water from Prophetic traditions. The article also gives a bird-eye view of the negligence in Pakistan on water issues. In conclusion, a summary of the research is presented along with a few suggestions. There are clear teachings of the Prophet (peace be upon him) on the cleanliness of the water, the cleanliness of the water environment, the method of its use, the principles of water distribution and its protection. If we follow them, our environment will be safe, and a healthy life will be ensured.

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Aquatic Environment, Water Pollution, Islamic Teachings, Healthy Life.

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The series of writings on the biography of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ has been going on for centuries and to this day. Scholars of every century and age have preserved his biography in their languages and conveyed it to the Ummah. Countless books have been written in the past and more are being written during this era. Within this uninterrupted series of biographies, there are many which are safe and well-known while many are still unknown. The scholars of Sīra in the subcontinent have translated from Arabic to Urdu the Sīra al-Nabawiyya already preserved in the collections of aḥādīth transferring a great intellectual heritage to the Ummah. This article presents a study review of the works of Sīra translated originally from Arabic to Urdu between the last decade of the 20th century.

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Sīra al-Nabawiyya, uninterrupted heritage, translated biographies

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Almighty Allah sent the Prophets for the welfare of humanity. They conveyed the divine message to the people. While the last Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) made his words public for the guidance of mankind until the Day of Resurrection. The work of the Companions in popularizing hadiths is very reliable. Later, in order to test and evaluate the same hadith, Islamic jurists made some principles and rules so that this hadith can be discussed in terms of cross-examination and modification. The Scholars and the Muhadiseen of the third century deviled their lives in the religious knowledge in common and in Hadith knowledge in portable who protected the sayings and the actions of the Holy Prophet and then energies to the knowledge of Hadith, explanation and then as while and got the high stales of Imamat in this art. Imam Nisaee is one of those who was an expert in their matters a lot. He had extensive knowledge of Hadith and Rijal. He was author many books about narrators from which it is clear that he was well versed in the knowledge and science of Hadith. This paper will show out the principles, methods and jurisprudence for hadiths according to imam nisa’ee and the standards and methods of cross-examination of hadith have been discussed.

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Muhadiseen, jurisprudence, Hadith and Rijal, narrators, science of Hadith.

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This research study aims at exploring the views of Dr. Hameed Ullah about music, Sufi music and to depict the distinctions and similitudes with other prominent scholars of current era. Dr. Hameed Ullah opines that music, and its instruments are permissible according to Islamic philosophy and Islamic law. He considered that Sufi music is not only allowed in Islam but also played his pivotal part in preaching of Islam. He advised that one should not condemn others on this issue if he considered it forbidden then he himself should refrain it. Dr. Hameed Ullah, a famous scholar of Sub-continent, who no-doubt devoted his whole life for the preaching of Islam and promoting unity among Muslims. He was one of the few intellectuals of the time who advocated that a genuine picture of Islam according to the need of current era of science, technology and globalization should be presented before the whole world. According to him, it is the basic requirement of the time. Aside from that, he also strived hard to promote universal human values of love, peace, forgiveness, patience, harmony, and endurance not just among the Muslims of the entire world but also among all the human beings. That is the reason, he is cherished and honored among all the masses. His life and his literary work candidly reflect his balance approach towards these core values. The researcher has tried his best by spending time in reading literature on music in Islam put forward by Dr. Hameed Ullah. This article is an endeavor to through light on his views about music and Sufi music and his scholarly work with the goal that his teachings regarding music could be exhibited before the entire world. This article may prove a milestone for the Islamic scholars who are conducting research on music and Islam.

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Dr. Muhammad Hameed Ullah, Music, Islam, Peace, Preaching.

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The research paper explores into the intricate relationship between Arabic literature and Quranic exegesis, focusing specifically on the realm of Udru exegesis. The Quran is the fundamental religious text of Islam, has been subject to intensive interpretation and commentary. One fascinating facet of Quranic exegesis is the incorporation of citations from Arabic literature, including pre-islamic poetry, classical Arabic texts and historical narratives, to enhance and elucidate the understanding of Quranic verses.This study aims to explore the dynamics of referencing Arabic literary sources within Urdu Quranic exegesis, shedding light on the diverse ways in which these citations contribute to the interpretation and comprehension of the Qur’ān. Drawing upon a selection of notables selected Urdu exegetical works spanning this century and schools of thought, this research conducts a comprehensive analysis of the patterns, purposes and implications of incorporating citations frpm Arabic literature into Quranic commentary. In conclusion, this study not only contributes to a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of Quranic exegesis but also highlights the intricate between Arabic literature and the interpretation of the Qur’ān. This research enriches the discourse surrounding the interpretation on the Qur’ān, paving the way for future exploration of this fascinating field.

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Quranic exegesis, pre-Islamic poetry, classical Arabic texts.

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Literally Amr' means: the order, the affair and the authority, and from it is the saying of God Almighty: “God has the command.” And technically, it is the legitimate command issued by God and His Messenger, or in the sense: commanded by the law. What is required is obedience to the command by the act of being commanded, or invoking action with words on the side of summoning action with word or whatever takes its place on the side of arrogance. Summon means: request. The real command is to summon by saying and demand the supplies of the real command. And the summoning without explicit saying is metaphorical. Action may be called without saying. And it does not require certainty at all. And the matter has a formula that denotes it by itself. It really calls the obligation and a metaphor for other meanings. Among the meanings of the command: obligation, permissibility, desirability, settlement, incapacity, harness, insult, honor, threat, supplication, news. As for the matter with regard to the jurists about Amr': their purpose is to prove that it is not obligatory to make up and repeat, so when it is said: (This prayer is correct); it should not be returned and spent. Hence, their purpose is to overthrow the judiciary. As for the speakers: their purpose in Amr' is to prove his agreement with the command of the Lawgiver; When it is said: (This prayer is valid); What is meant is that it is in accordance with the command and the Sharia. Hence, they knew health as necessary and appropriate for their purpose. We are showing here in the sense of rhetoric only.

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Command, Law, Metaphorical, obligatory, permissibility, Sharia

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This abstract explores the profound philosophical themes of death and life within the poetic works of Al-Mutanabbi, an iconic figure in Arabic literature and classical Islamic poetry. Al-Mutanabbi, whose life spanned the 10th century, used his verses to delve into the complex interplay between mortality and existence, offering readers a philosophical lens through which to contemplate the human condition. He reflects on the fleeting nature of life, the inevitability of death, and the pursuit of immortality through artistic and literary legacy. This abstract delves into some of Al-Mutanabbi's most notable works, highlighting specific poems that encapsulate his unique perspective on life and death. It explores the poet's fascination with the concept of "baqā'" (eternity) and his belief in the ability of poetry to transcend the limitations of time and mortality. Al-Mutanabbi's philosophical insights, often grounded in his own experiences and observations, continue to resonate with readers today, serving as a timeless source of inspiration and reflection. In conclusion, this exploration of Al-Mutanabbi's poetry sheds light on the enduring relevance of his philosophical musings on death and life. His verses challenge us to confront our mortality while inspiring us to seek a form of immortality through the art of poetry and the enduring impact of our thoughts and actions. Al-Mutanabbi's work remains a testament to the power of literature to provoke profound philosophical inquiries into the human experience.

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Death, Life, Mutanabbi, concept of "baqā'", Arabic literature and classical Islamic poetry.